Digital Accessibility and the ADA: What the New Website Rule Means for Sport Organizations

Authors

  • John McMillen California State University, Fresno
  • Michael Mahoney California State University, Fresno
  • Ashley Abrahamson California State University, Fresno

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18060/29657

Keywords:

ADA, website accessibility, WCAG, Title II, sport organizations, Title III

Abstract

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is best known for removing physical barriers to public life, but its guarantees of equal access extend into the digital realm. In April 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice issued the first comprehensive federal rule requiring state and local governments, including public universities, municipal recreation departments, and publicly funded sport facilities, to meet defined website and mobile application accessibility standards under Title II of the ADA. Anchored in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 Level AA, this rule transforms longstanding policy expectations into enforceable legal obligations. This article examines the legal foundations of the rule, its application to sport organizations, and the practical implications for achieving website compliance. First, it explores the operational importance of sport websites and the accessibility barriers commonly found in digital content. Next, it analyzes the statutory and regulatory requirements. Finally, it offers a practical compliance framework grounded in established best practices in digital accessibility. The goal is to equip sport managers, athletic administrators, and facility professionals with a clear and actionable guide to meeting federal requirements, reducing legal exposure, and ensuring inclusive access for all patrons.

Author Biographies

John McMillen, California State University, Fresno

John McMillen, PhD, JD, is a professor in the Department of Kinesiology at California State University, Fresno. His research interests include leadership and high-performance practices.

Michael Mahoney, California State University, Fresno

Michael Mahoney, EdD, is a professor in the Department of Recreation Administration at California State University, Fresno. His research interests include crowd safety and security, consumer pricing fairness, accessibility for people with disabilities, and the economic impacts of large-scale events and festivals.

Ashley Abrahamson, California State University, Fresno

Ashley Abrahamson, MA, is an instructional designer in the Office of IDEAS (Innovation and Digital Excellence for Academic Success) at California State University, Fresno. Her research interests include universal design for learning and digital accessibility.

References

42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1990). Americans with Disabilities Act.

42 U.S.C. § 12132 (1990). Americans with Disabilities Act, Title II.

42 U.S.C. § 12182(a) (1990). Americans with Disabilities Act, Title III.

28 C.F.R. § 35.104 (2024).

28 C.F.R. § 35.160 (2024).

28 C.F.R. § 35.200(a) (2024).

28 C.F.R. pt. 35 (2024).

Andrews v. Blick Art Materials, LLC, 268 F. Supp. 3d 381 (E.D.N.Y. 2017).

Carvalho, M. C. N., Dias, F. S., Reis, A. G. S., & Freire, A. P. (2018). Accessibility and usability problems encountered on websites and applications in mobile devices by blind and normal-vision users. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, 2022–2029. https://doi.org/10.1145/3167132.3167349

CAST. (2018). Universal design for learning guidelines version 2.2. http://udlguidelines.cast.org

Cotten, D. J., & Wolohan, J. T. (2017). Law for recreation and sport managers (7th ed.). Kendall Hunt Publishing.

European Disability Forum & International Association of Accessibility Professionals. (2023). Joint statement on accessibility overlays. https://www.edf-feph.org/publications/joint-statement-on-accessibility-overlays/

Federal Trade Commission. (2025, February 3). FTC order requires online marketer to pay $1 million for deceptive claims that its AI product could make websites compliant with accessibility guidelines. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/01/ftc-order-requires-online-marketer-pay-1-million-deceptive-claims-its-ai-product-could-make-websites

Feingold, L. (2010, February 11). MLB accessible website agreement. Law Office of Lainey Feingold. https://www.lflegal.com/2010/02/mlb-agreement

Feingold, L. (2012, June 5). First addendum to MLB settlement agreement. Law Office of Lainey Feingold. https://www.lflegal.com/2012/06/mlb-addendum

Gil v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., 257 F. Supp. 3d 1340 (S.D. Fla. 2017), rev'd, 993 F.3d 1266 (11th Cir. 2021).

Giraud, S., Thérouanne, P., & Steiner, D. D. (2018). Web accessibility: Filtering redundant and irrelevant information improves website usability for blind users. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 111, 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.10.011

Henry, S. L., Abou-Zahra, S., & Brewer, J. (2014, March 7). The role of accessibility in a universal web. W4A 2014 - 11th Web for All Conference. https://doi.org/10.1145/2596695.2596719

Mahoney, M. J. (2020). Legal aspects of inclusive sport programming. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 30(2), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.18060/24919

Mahoney, M., & McMillen, J. D. (2011). Cowboys Stadium mobility assist program: Accessible routes and the Americans with Disabilities Act accessibility guidelines. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 21(1), 101–115.

Makati, T., Tigwell, G. W., & Shinohara, K. (2024, October 27). The promise and pitfalls of web accessibility overlays for blind and low vision users. ASSETS 2024 - Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. https://doi.org/10.1145/3663548.3675650

Manca, M., Palumbo, V., Paternò, F., & Santoro, C. (2023). The transparency of automatic web accessibility evaluation tools: Design criteria, state of the art, and user perception. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 16(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3556979

McMillen, J., & Mahoney, M. J. (2011). Leisure and disability: Mobility assist program for aging and older adults. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 10, 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJDHD.2011.023

Moreno, L., & Martinez, P. (2019). The harmonization of accessibility standards for public policies. Computer, 52(7), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.2888762

National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp., 452 F. Supp. 2d 946 (N.D. Cal. 2006).

Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability; Accessibility of Web Information and Services of State and Local Government Entities, 89 Fed. Reg. 31,320 (Apr. 24, 2024) (to be codified at 28 C.F.R. pt. 35).

Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability; Notice of Withdrawal of Four Previously Announced ANPRMs, 82 Fed. Reg. 60,932 (Dec. 26, 2017).

Rendon v. Valleycrest Prods., Ltd., 294 F.3d 1279 (11th Cir. 2002).

Robles v. Domino's Pizza, LLC, 913 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2019).

Shah, H. (2024). Enhancing web accessibility - Navigating the upgrade of design systems from WCAG 2.0 to WCAG 2.1. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology, 15(1), 01–16. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijwest.2024.15101

Sinclair, R. (2019). Understanding organizational approaches to accessibility. International Association of Accessibility Professionals. https://g3ict.org/upload/IAAP_ODC_WhitePaper_Final_BB_90619.pdf

Trust for Public Land. (2023, March 9). Outdoor spaces for all abilities. https://www.tpl.org/blog/outdoor-spaces-all-abilities

U.S. Department of Justice. (2016). ADA requirements: Effective communication. https://www.ada.gov/resources/effective-communication/

U.S. Department of Justice. (2024a). Fact sheet: New rule on the accessibility of web content and mobile apps provided by state and local governments. https://www.ada.gov/resources/2024-03-08-web-rule

U.S. Department of Justice. (2024b). Nondiscrimination on the basis of disability; accessibility of web information and services of state and local governments. Federal Register, 89(80), 31320–31410. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/04/24/2024-07758/nondiscrimination-on-the-basis-of-disability-accessibility-of-web-information-and-services-of-state

WebAIM. (2025). The WebAIM million: 2025 report. https://webaim.org/projects/million

World Health Organization. (2023, March 7). Disability [Fact sheet]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health

World Wide Web Consortium. (2016). Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) overview. https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/

World Wide Web Consortium. (2018). Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/

World Wide Web Consortium. (2024, December 12). Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.2. https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/

World Wide Web Consortium. (2025). How to meet WCAG (quick reference). https://

Downloads

Published

2026-08-24

Issue

Section

Original Research