Integrated Fan Identity
Theoretical Framework and Conceptualization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/26069Keywords:
Integrated fan identity, identity work, social identity, role identity, personal identity, team identification, developmental psychology, collective identityAbstract
While extensive work on team identification have broadened our understanding of sport fans' psychological ties to teams, it has been pointed out that limited and inaccurate use of theoretical perspectives on identity has prevented further investigation of a complex construct. In this review, we explain the concept of identity work and adopted as to understand the developmental nature of sport fans’ identities. Next, we outline the underlying theoretical perspectives for three different identity types (social, role, personal) and how they are represented in team identification studies. Based on the above, we propose a rationale for implementing the conceptual framework of an integrated fan identity, highlighting the reciprocal identity work processes of the social, role, and personal identities of sport fans. Implications for future work are also discussed.
References
Albarello, F., Crocetti, E., & Rubini, M. (2018). I and us: A longitudinal study on the interplay of personal and social identity in adolescence. Journal of youth and adolescence, 47(4), 689-702.
Alvesson, M., & Willmott, H. (2002). Identity regulation as organizational control: Producing the appropriate individual. Journal of management studies, 39(5), 619-644. doi: 10.1111/1467-6486.00305
Ashforth, B. E., Harrison, S. H., & Corley, K. G. (2008). Identification in organizations: An examination of four fundamental questions. Journal of management, 34(3), 325-374. doi: 10.1177/0149206308316059
Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1991). The positive social and self concept consequences of sports team identification. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 15(2), 115-127. doi: 10.1177/019372359101500202
Brown, A. D. (2015). Identities and identity work in organizations. International journal of management reviews, 17(1), 20-40. doi: 10.1111/ijmr.12035
Brown, A. D., & Toyoki, S. (2013). Identity work and legitimacy. Organization Studies, 34(7), 875-896. doi: 10.1177/0170840612467158
Burke, P. J. (2004). Extending identity control theory: Insights from classifier systems. Sociological theory, 22(4), 574-594. doi: 10.1111/j.0735-2751.2004.00234.x
Burke, P. J., & Reitzes, D. C. (1991). An identity theory approach to commitment. Social psychology quarterly, 239-251. doi: 10.2307/2786653
Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (1999). Trust and commitment through self-verification. Social psychology quarterly, 347-366. doi: 10.2307/2695833
Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (2009). Identity theory. Oxford University Press.
Callero, P. L. (1985). Role-identity salience. Social psychology quarterly, 203-215. doi: 10.2307/3033681
Caza, B. B., Vough, H., & Puranik, H. (2018). Identity work in organizations and occupations: Definitions, theories, and pathways forward. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(7), 889-910. doi: 10.1002/job.2318
Costas, J., & Kärreman, D. (2016). The bored self in knowledge work. Human Relations, 69(1), 61-83. doi: 10.1177/0018726715579736
Davies, A., & Thomas, R. (2008). Dixon of Dock Green got shot! Policing identity work and organizational change. Public administration, 86(3), 627-642. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.00744.x
Delia, E. B. (2019). “You can’t just erase history”: Coping with team identity threat. Journal of Sport Management, 33(3), 203-214. doi: 10.1123/jsm.2018-0283
Delia, E. B., & James, J. D. (2018). The meaning of team in team identification. Sport Management Review, 21(4), 416-429. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.09.002
Doyle, J. P., Lock, D., Funk, D. C., Filo, K., & McDonal, H. (2017). ‘I was there from the start’: The identity-maintainance strategies used by fans to combat the threat of losing. Sport Management Review, 20(2), 184-197. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.006
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis (No. 7). WW Norton & company.
Escher Jr, A. R. (2020). An ounce of prevention: coronavirus (COVID-19) and mass gatherings. Cureus, 12(3).
Fachin, F. F., & Davel, E. (2015). Reconciling contradictory paths: identity play and work in a career transition. Journal of Organizational Change Management. doi: 10.1108/JOCM-01-2014-0012
Fink, J. S., Trail, G. T., & Anderson, D. F. (2002). An examination of team identification: which motives are most salient to its existence?. International Sports Journal, 6(2), 195.
Fisher, R. J., & Wakefield, K. (1998). Factors leading to group identification: A field study of winners and losers. Psychology & Marketing, 15(1), 23-40. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199801)15:1<23::AID-MAR3>3.0.CO;2-P
Fulks, Daniel L. "Revenues and Expenses of Divisions I and II Intercollegiate Athletics Programs. Financial Trends and Relationships-1997." (1998).
Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: A conceptual framework for understanding an individual's psychological connection to sport. Sport management review, 4(2), 119-150. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
Funk, D. C., & James, J. D. (2006). Consumer loyalty: The meaning of attachment in the development of sport team allegiance. Journal of Sport Management, 20(2), 189-217. doi: 10.1123/jsm.20.2.189
Galliher, R. V., McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2017). An integrated developmental model for studying identity content in context. Developmental Psychology, 53(11), 2011. doi: 10.1037/dev0000299
Horton, K. E., Bayerl, P. S., & Jacobs, G. (2014). Identity conflicts at work: An integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), S6-22. doi: 10.1002/job.1893
Horton, K. E., Bayerl, P. S., & Jacobs, G. (2014). Identity conflicts at work: An integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), S6-22. doi: 10.1002/job.1893
Kerstetter, D. L., & Kovich, G. M. (1997). An involvement profile of Division I women’s basketball spectators. Journal of Sport Management, 11(3), 234-249. doi: 10.1123/jsm.11.3.234Z
Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., & McGuire, T. W. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American Psychologist, 39, 1123– 1134.
Kroger, J., & Marcia, J. E. (2011). The identity statuses: Origins, meanings, and interpretations. In Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 31-53). Springer, New York, NY.
Kwon, H. H., Trail, G., & James, J. D. (2007). The mediating role of perceived value: Team identification and purchase intention of team-licensed apparel. Journal of Sport Management, 21(4), 540-554. doi: 10.1123/jsm.21.4.540
Lalonde, R. N. (1992). The dynamics of group differentiation in the face of defeat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 336-342. doi: 10.1177/0146167292183010
Laverie, D. A., & Arnett, D. B. (2000). Factors affecting fan attendance: The influence of identity salience and satisfaction. Journal of leisure Research, 32(2), 225-246. doi: 10.1080/00222216.2000.11949915
Lewis, M. (2001). Franchise relocation and fan allegiance. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 25(1), 6-19. doi: 10.1177/0193723501251002
Lock, D., & Heere, B. (2017). Identity crisis: A theoretical analysis of ‘team identification’research. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 413-435. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2017.1306872
Lock, D., Taylor, T., & Darcy, S. (2011). In the absence of achievement: The formation of new team identification. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(2), 171-192. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2011.559135
Lock, D., Taylor, T., Funk, D., & Darcy, S. (2012). Exploring the development of team identification. Journal of Sport Management.
Lucas, K. (2011). Blue-collar discourses of workplace dignity: Using outgroup comparisons to construct positive identities. Management Communication Quarterly, 25(2), 353-374. doi: 10.1177/0893318910386445
Madrigal, R. (1995). Cognitive and affective determinants of fan satisfaction with sporting event attendance. Journal of leisure research, 27(3), 205-227. doi: 10.1080/00222216.1995.11949745
Mahony, D. F., Madrigal, R., & Howard, D. (2000). Using the psychological commitment to team (PCT) scale to segment sport consumers based on loyalty. Sport marketing quarterly, 9(1).
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of personality and social psychology, 3(5), 551. doi: 10.1037/h0023281
Marcia, J. E., Waterman, A. S., Matteson, D. R., Archer, S. L., & Orlofsky, J. L. (2012). Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research. Springer Science & Business Media.
Marlow, S., & McAdam, M. (2015). Incubation or induction? Gendered identity work in the context of technology business incubation. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 39(4), 791-816. doi: 10.1111/etap.12062
McCall, G., & Simmons, J. l.(1978) Identities and Interaction: An Examination of Human Association in Everyday Life. New York: The FreePress. McCallIdentities and Interactions: An Examination of Human Associations in Everyday Life1978.
McLean, K. C., Syed, M., Yoder, A., & Greenhoot, A. F. (2016). The role of domain content in understanding identity development processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(1), 60-75. doi: 10.1111/jora.12169
Moscatelli, S., & Rubini, M. (2011). The impact of group entitativity on linguistic discrimination. Social Psychology. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000071.
Newson, M. (2019). Football, fan violence, and identity fusion. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 54(4), 431-444. doi: 10.1177/1012690217731293
Nuttbrock, L., & Freudiger, P. (1991). Identity salience and motherhood: A test of Stryker's theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 146-157. doi: 10.2307/2786932
Petriglieri, J. L. (2011). Under threat: Responses to and the consequences of threats to individuals' identities. Academy of Management Review, 36(4), 641-662. doi: 10.5465/amr.2009.0087
Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1998). Breaching or building social boundaries? SIDE-effects of computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 25, 689– 715.
Reid, A., & Deaux, K. (1996). Relationship between social and personal identities: Segregation or integration. Journal of personality and social psychology, 71(6), 1084. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1084
Schwartz, S. J., Luyckx, K., & Crocetti, E. (2015). What have we learned since Schwartz (2001)?: A reappraisal of the field of identity development. In K. C. McLean & M. Syed (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of identity development (pp. 539–561). Oxford University Press.
Simmons, J. M., & Greenwell, T. C. (2014). Differences in fan-family conflict based on an individual's level of identification with a team. Journal of Sport Behavior, 37(1), 94.
Spears, R. (2011). Group identities: The social identity perspective. In Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 201-224). Springer, New York, NY.
Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1986). Reducing social context cues: Electronic mail in organizational communication. Management Science, 32, 1492– 1512.
Stankevich, D. G. (1998). How rough is the game. Discount Merchandiser, 38(3), 90.
Stets, J. E. (1995). Role identities and person identities: Gender identity, mastery identity, and controlling one's partner. Sociological perspectives, 38(2), 129-150. doi: 10.2307/1389287
Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (1994). Inconsistent self-views in the control identity model. Social Science Research, 23(3), 236-262. doi: 10.1006/ssre.1994.1010
Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.
Stryker, S. (1987). Identity theory: Developments and extensions. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychosocial perspectives (pp. 89–103). John Wiley & Sons.
Stryker, S., & Serpe, R. T. (1994). Identity salience and psychological centrality: Equivalent, overlapping, or complementary concepts?. Social psychology quarterly, 16-35. doi: 10.2307/2786972
Stryker, S., & Statham, A. (1985). Symbolic interaction and role theory [in:] The handbook of social psychology, eds. G. Lindzey, E. Aronson.
Swann Jr, W. B., & Buhrmester, M. D. (2015). Identity fusion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(1), 52-57. doi: 10.1177/0963721414551363
Swann Jr, W. B., Gómez, A., Seyle, D. C., Morales, J., & Huici, C. (2009). Identity fusion: the interplay of personal and social identities in extreme group behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 96(5), 995. doi: 10.1037/a0013668
Tajfel, H. E. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. Academic Press.
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational identity: A reader, 56(65), 9780203505984-16.
Theodorakis, N. D., Wann, D. L., & Weaver, S. (2012). An antecedent model of team identification in the context of professional soccer. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 21(2), 80.
Turner, J. C. (2010). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In Research Colloquium on Social Identity of the European Laboratory of Social Psychology, Dec, 1978, Université de Haute Bretagne, Rennes, France; This chapter is a revised version of a paper first presented at the aforementioned colloquium.. Psychology Press.
Turner, R. H. (1962). Role taking: Process versus conformity. Life as theater: A dramaturgical sourcebook, 85-98.
Turner, R. H. (1978). The role and the person. American journal of Sociology, 84(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1086/226738
Wann, D. L. (2006). Understanding the positive social psychological benefits of sport team identification: The team identification-social psychological health model. Group dynamis: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10(4), 272. doi: 10.10317/1089-2699.10.4.272
Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team. International journal of sport psychology.
Wann, D. L., Royalty, J., & Roberts, A. (2000). The self-presentation of sport fans: Investigating the importance of team idenification and self-esteem. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(2), 198.
Wegner, C. E., Baker, B. J., & Jones, G. J. (2020). Organizational Identity Development in Sport Volunteers. Journal of Sport Management, 35(4), 325-337. doi: 10.1123/jsm.2020-0042
Wendling, E., & Sagas, M. (2021). Is There a Reformation Into Identity Achievement for Life After Elite Sport? A Journey of Identity Growth Paradox During Liminal Rites and Identity Moratorium. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644839
Wright, R. K., Wiersma, C., & Ajiee, R. O. (2021). “A Labour of Love”: Active Lifestyle Entrepreneurship (Occupational Devotion) During a Time of COVID-19. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 82. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.624457
Yost, J. H., & Rainey, D. W. (2014). The Consequences of Disappointment in Team Performance among Baseball Fans. Journal of Sport Behavior, 37(4).
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Yoonki Chun, Michael Sagas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright to articles published in Sport Innovation Journal is retained by the author(s).
