“So, You’re Saying There’s a Chance …”

Understanding the Competitive Balance of Youth “Rep” Hockey in Ontario

Authors

  • Chris Chard Brock University
  • Daniel Wigfield University of Guelph

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18060/27557

Keywords:

competitive balance, chi-square, youth hockey

Abstract

Competitive balance in sport is a desirable state for leagues to aspire to attain. Indeed, uncertainty of outcomes (Kringstad & Girginov, 2018) have been noted to be desirous. At the highest levels of professional sport, measures to promote competitive balance (e.g., amateur drafts, revenue sharing) are commonplace. It has been noted before (i.e., Wigfield & Chard, 2018) that competitive balance is similarly sought after in competitive youth sport settings. Here, the current study was completed to assess the competitive balance in various associations competing in Ontario’s boys’ representative minor hockey system. Results from the provincial championships since the 2005-06 season were analyzed for age groups ranging from U11 to U20 and across all competition levels (i.e., A, AA, AAA) by conducting a chi-square test of independence. Findings indicate that the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL) dominates Ontario rep hockey across all age groups and competition levels—with few exceptions. This article offers an innovative solution to roster construction that Ontario minor hockey associations can implement to combat the GTHL’s dominance.

Author Biographies

Chris Chard, Brock University

Chris Chard, PhD, MBA, is an associate professor in the Department of Sport Management at Brock University. His research interests are on the management of small to mid-size enterprises in the sport sector.

Daniel Wigfield, University of Guelph

Daniel Wigfield, PhD, is a postdoctoral research associate within the International Institute of Sport Business and Leadership at the University of Guelph. His research focuses on organizational behavior as it relates to optimizing the performance of amateur sport systems, especially those servicing youth athletes.

References

Bailey, R. (2006). Physical education and sport in schools: A review of benefits and outcomes. Journal of School Health, 76(8), 397-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746- 1561.2006.00132.x

Carlgren, L., Rauth, I., & Elmquist, M. (2016). Framing design thinking: The concept in idea and enactment. Creativity and Innovation Management, 25, 38–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12153

Campbell, K. & Parcels, J. (2013). Selling the dream. How hockey parents and their kids are paying the price for our national obsession. Penguin Group.

Chard, C., Edwards, J., & Potwarka, L. (2015). Understanding the perceived attributes and consequences of participation in youth "rep" hockey: An analysis from the parental perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 7(2), 10.

Chard, C., & Mallen, C. (2012). Examining the linkages between automobile use and carbon impacts of community-based ice hockey. Sport Management Review, 15(4), 476-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.002

Chard, C. R., & Potwarka, L. R. (2017). Exploring the relative importance of factors that influence student-athletes’ school-choice decisions: A case study of one Canadian university. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 10(1), 22-43. https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.2016-0014

Coakley, J. (2011). Youth sports: What counts as “positive development?”. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 35(3), 306-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723511417311

Davies, M. (2021, November 2). Open borders may be ‘damaging the grassroots.’ The Peterborough Examiner. Retrieved from https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/sports/hockey/open-borders-may-be-damaging-the-grassroots/article_534e9165-2120-5f6f-a347-87ecffad07e1.html?

Dietl, H. M., Grossmann, M., & Lang, M. (2011). Competitive balance and revenue sharing in sports leagues with utility-maximizing teams. Journal of Sports Economics, 12(3), 284-308. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1516713

Drenowatz, C., Greier, K., Ruedl, G., & Kopp, M. (2019). Association between club sports participation and physical fitness across 6-to 14-year-old Austrian youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183392

Fitz-Gerald, S. (2019). Before the lights go out: A season inside a game on the brink. McClelland & Stewart.

Fort, R. (2018). Modeling competitive imbalance and self-regulation in college sports. Review of Industrial Organization, 52, 231-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-017-9591-y

Fraser-Thomas, J., & Côté, J. (2009). Understanding adolescents’ positive and negative developmental experiences in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 23(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.1.3

Fraser-Thomas, J. L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898042000334890

Gómez-González, C., del Corral, J., Jewell, R. T., García-Unanue, J., & Nesseler, C. (2019). A prospective analysis of competitive balance levels in major league soccer. Review of Industrial Organization, 54(1), 175-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-018-9667-3

Green, B. C. (1997). Action research in youth soccer: Assessing the acceptability of an alternative program. Journal of Sport Management, 11(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.11.1.29

Groot, L. (2008). Economics, uncertainty and European football: Trends in competitive balance. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Hockey Canada. (2022). Annual report. Retrieved from https://cdn.hockeycanada.ca/hockey-canada/Corporate/About/Downloads/2021-22-hockey-canada-annual-report-e.pdf

Hoeber, L., Doherty, A., Hoeber, O., & Wolfe, R. (2015). The nature of innovation in community sport organizations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(5), 518-534.

https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1085070

Hyman, M. (2009). Until it hurts: America’s obsession with youth sports and how it harms our kids. Beacon Press.

Joachim, G., Schulenkorf, N., Schlenker, K., Frawley, S., & Cohen, A. (2022). “This is how I want us to think”: Introducing a design thinking activity into the practice of a sport organisation. Sport Management Review, 25(3), 428-453. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2021.1948260

Késenne, S. (2000). Revenue sharing and competitive balance in professional team sports. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1177 /152700250000100105

Késenne, S. (2004). Competitive balance and revenue sharing: When rich clubs have poor teams. Journal of Sports Economics, 5(2), 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1177 /1527002503257209

Késenne, S. (2006). Competitive balance in team sports and the impact of revenue sharing. Journal of Sport Management, 20(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.1.39

Kringstad, M., & Girginov, V. (2018). Is gender a competitive balance driver? Evidence from Scandinavian football. Cogent Social Sciences, 4(1), 1439264–1439215. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1439264

Mondal, S. (2023). She kicks: The state of competitive balance in the top five women’s football leagues in Europe. Journal of Global Sport Management, 8(1), 432-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1875629

Plumley, D., Ramchandani, G. M., & Wilson, R. (2019). The unintended consequence of Financial Fair Play: An examination of competitive balance across five European football leagues. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 9(2), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.1108/sbm-03-2018-0025

Reddekopp, L. (2015, March 7). Greater Toronto Hockey League bans body-checking for bantam As. CBC News. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/greater-toronto-hockey-league-bans-body-checking-for-bantam-as-1.2985904#:~:text= The%20Greater%20Toronto%20Hockey%20League,her%20son%20 suffered%20a%20concussion.

Scelles, N., Mignot, J. F., Cabaud, B., & François, A. (2018). Temporary organizational forms and coopetition in cycling: What makes a breakaway successful in the Tour de France? Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 24(3–4), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/tpm-03-2017-0012

Schmidt, M. B., & Berri, D. J. (2001). Competitive balance and attendance: The case of Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics, 2(2), 145-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250100200204

Storm, R. K., & Nielsen, K. (2012). Soft budget constraints in professional football. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(2), 183-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/161 84742.2012.670660

Suprenant, C.W. (2021, May 18). Striking a balance between fairness in competition and the rights of transgender athletes. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/striking-a-balance-between-fairness-in-competition-and-the-rights-of-transgender-athletes-159685

Szymanski, S. & Késenne, S. (2004). Competitive balance and gate revenue sharing in team sports’. Journal of Industrial Economics, 52, 165-177. https://doi.org/10.1057 /9780230274273_7

Sznajder, A. (2010). Competitive balance in professional sports. Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, 243(10), 79-95.

Tier 1 Elite. (n.d). About the league. Retrieved from https://tier1elitehockeyleague.com/about-us/

Torres, C. R. & Hager, P. F. (2007). De-emphasizing competition in organized youth sport: Misdirected reforms and misled children. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 34, 194-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2007.9714721

Vales-Vazquez, A., Casal-Lopez, C., Gomez-Rodriguez, P., & Blanco-Pita, H. (2017). A comparison of competitive profiles across the Spanish football leagues. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 16(3), 207-220. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcss-2017-0016

Westhead, R. (2016, January 19). Canada’s largest rep hockey league moves to limit foreign players. TSN. Retrieved from https://www.tsn.ca/canada-s-largest-rep-hockey-league-moves-to-limit-foreign-players-1.425440

Westhead, R. (2023, February 27). Aliu says GTHL rejected organization that would have assured spots for BIPOC players. TSN. Retrieved from https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/akim-aliu-says-gthl-rejected-organization-that-would-have-assured-spots-for-bipoc-players-1.1924319#:~:text=Aliu's%20allegations%20that%20officials%20with,is%20systemic% 20within%20the%20GTHL

Wigfield, D., & Chard., C. (2018). Understanding brand associations of preferred minor hockey tournaments from the parents’ perspective. Event Management, 22, 183-198.

https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518x15173355843343

Zaltman, G., Duncan, R., & Holbek, J. (1973). Innovations and organizations. John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

Zimbalist, A. S. (2002). Competitive balance in sports leagues: An introduction. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(2), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300201

Downloads

Published

2024-04-11

Issue

Section

Research Articles