Golf Entertainment Venues as the Front Porch to Golf

Exploring the Experiences and Perceptions of Novice Golfers at Topgolf

Authors

  • Jackson Sears University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • Beth A. Cianfrone Georgia State University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18060/29238

Keywords:

golf, sportscape, brand loyalty, sport branding, technology, Topgolf

Abstract

A recent trend in the golf industry is an increase in golf entertainment venues (e.g., Topgolf, Five Iron Golf, PuttShack), which blend sport participation and entertainment. The popularity of these venues provides a unique opportunity for the overarching sport to improve participation, public perception, sustainability, and profits. Historically, golf struggled with image-related issues, including barriers to access and participation. Golf entertainment venues are disrupting the way individuals, especially casual golfers, consume and perceive the sport. Topgolf was among the first successful entertainment venues and may impact the brand of golf. Therefore, this study focuses on novice golfers’ experiences at Topgolf and their perception of golf. Data were collected via in-person interviews and free elicitation response methods (i.e., word association). Following the data analysis, four themes were constructed: (1) Importance of Social Experience, (2) Positive Sportscape, (3) Internal Reactions, and (4) Growing the Game: Topgolf as the “Front Porch.” Theoretical implications for this work include providing a basis for future studies on sport participation and entertainment venues. Practical implications for this work should aid the sport industry, specifically the golf industry, in leveraging these products to improve the sport’s public perception and overall participation.

Author Biographies

Jackson Sears, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Jackson Sears, PhD, is an assistant professor of sport administration and Katherine Smith Gunter Fellow in the Department of Exercise and Sport Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His research interests include sport consumer behavior with a specific emphasis on sport gambling and fantasy sport.

Beth A. Cianfrone, Georgia State University

Beth A. Cianfrone, PhD, is a professor and program coordinator of the sport administration MS program in the Department of Kinesiology and Health at Georgia State University. Her research interests include sport marketing communication and consumer behavior.

References

References

Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brand name. New York: Free Press.

Beer, J. (2023, October 12), How Topgolf plans to become even bigger than actual golf. Fast Company. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/90936746/topgolf-bigger-than-golf-callaway

Blair, E. (2015). A reflexive exploration of two qualitative data coding techniques. Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences, 6(1), 14-29, https://doi.org/10.2458/v6i1.18772

Choi, C., Greenwell, T. C., Hums, M. A., & Hambrick, M. E. (2019). Understanding consumer behaviors in virtual golf: Differences in leisure constraints. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 28(1), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.32731/SMQ.281.032019.04

Choi, C., Yoo, S. W., Park, J., & Greenwell, T. C. (2020). Virtual reality and consumer behavior: constraints, negotiation, negotiation-efficacy, and participation in virtual golf. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 88(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2020-0020

Chung, M. R., & Welty-Peachey, J. (2020). Increasing sport engagement through virtual simulators: The influence of virtual golf on self-efficacy and motivation. International Journal of Sport Management, 21(3), 193-216. Franken, N. (2022). McLuhan Plays Golf: Optimizing technology to make golf more accessible, affordable, and sustainable. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 0(0), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859922111211

Gladden, J. M., & Milne, G. R. (1999). Examining the importance of brand equity in professional sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 8, 21–30.

Gladden, J. M., Milne, G. R., & Sutton, W. A. (1998). A conceptual framework for assessing brand equity in Division I college athletics. Journal of Sport Management, 12(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.12.1.1

Han, H., Hwang, J., & Woods, D. P. (2014). Choosing virtual–rather than real–leisure activities: An examination of the decision–making process in screen-golf participants. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(4), 428-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.764333

Hahm, J. J., Kwun, D. J., & Kang, J. (2023). Analysis of environmental stimuli, satisfaction, and behavioral responses: An extended Mehrabian-Russell model to alternative golf. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 109, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103407

Jang, W., Byon, K. K., & Yim, B. H. (2020). Sportscape, emotion, and behavioral intention: a case of the big four US-based major sport leagues. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(3), 321-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1607521

Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252054

McGinnis, L. P., & Gentry, J. W. (2006). Getting past the red tees: Constraints women face in golf and strategies to help them stay. Journal of Sport Management, 20(2), 218-247.

McGinnis, L. P., Gentry, J. W., & Haltom, T. M. (2021). Gender, millennials, and leisure constraints: Exploring golf’s participation decline. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure, and Events, 13(1), 59-76.

Metzidakis, K. (2024, February 13). Topgolf Callaway Brands Corp fourth quarter and full-year 2023 earnings call prepared remarks. Topgolf Callaway Brands. https://www.topgolfcallawaybrands.com/static-files/856d2855-c19a-4c1b-ab80-ae61e0d1ee13

National Golf Foundation. (2025, July 2). Golf participation in the U.S. https://www.ngf.org/member-publication/golf-participation-in-the-u-s-2025/

National Golf Foundation (NGF). (2019), “NGF’s 2019 golf industry report overview: participation and course supply data highlight annual state-of-industry report”, available at: www.thengf.com/ 2019/04/ngf-releases-2019-golf-industry-report/ (accessed 3 November 2023).

National Golf Foundation (NGF). (2022), “Inertia – Where is it taking golf?”, (accessed 3 November 2023) https://www.ngf.org/intertia/

Ross, S. (2006). A conceptual framework for understanding spectator-based brand equity. Journal of sport Management, 20(1), 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.1.22

Visit Orlando (2024). Topgolf Orlando. https://www.visitorlando.com/listing/topgolf-orlando/45677/

Wakefield, K. L., Blodgett, J. G., & Sloan, H. J. (1996). Measurement and management of the sportscape. Journal of Sport Management, 10(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.10.1.15

Watkins, B., & Lee, J. W. (2016). Communicating brand identity on social media: A case study of the use of Instagram and Twitter for collegiate athletic branding. International Journal of Sport Communication, 9(4), 476-498. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSC.2016-0073

Wear, H., & Heere, B. (2020). Brand new: A longitudinal investigation of brand associations as drivers of team identity among fans of a new sport team. Journal of Sport Management, 34(5), 475-487. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0204

Downloads

Published

2025-11-14

Issue

Section

Research Articles